Randomly Shuts Off After Battery Replacement

What is the history of this device? You need to determine if this is a charge/battery issue or an overall logic board issue. Here are my suggestions if it is charge/battery related:

When troubleshooting charging issues, I would do the following (in order):

1. Always try another Lightning cable and charger, preferably Apple original or MFi certified units.
2. The Lightning cable 8-pin connector should be sitting flush with the housing and completely inserted. If it is not, there could be lint/dust/debris inside the port impeding a proper connection. You can clean it out with a toothpick, fine point tweezers or a dental pick. Just be careful not to damage the pins inside the Lightning Port.
3. Change the battery. The battery is the weakest link in the entire device and certainly for charger related issues. Use a battery utility, such as coconutBattery (for Mac) or 3uTools (for Windows) to test the battery prior to removal. Anything less than 70% of design capacity will require replacement.
4. If the battery is in good condition, you can use a USB Ammeter to determine if the device is really drawing current when it says it's charging. If it isn't drawing current, then I would change the Lightning/Charge Port. This requires micro-soldering.
5. If a new battery and charge port still don't resolve the issue, then you either have faulty replacement parts (possible) or a logic board issue. On the iPad, it could be the Tristar IC (easy micro-soldering repair) or in some cases the PMIC (difficult micro-soldering repair).