Why my laptop displays only the home screen and doesn't show anything

Be more specific maybe upload a picture or video of it booting up to where it gets stuck. It will help to answer your issue more accurately.

Just a wild guess, but if you can, right-click on the desktop (in an unused area), and select "View" from that menu. Then look to see if "Show desktop icons" is checked. It's possible that option has become unchecked. If you don't get a right-click menu at all, it means that "explorer.exe" is not running, which to me indicates a fundamental Windows corruption that might require a re-installation.