I think you'll be alright here once you thread the pins back into the header plate (no soldering required here).
It looks like the header plate was not anchored well to the logic board or you pulled on it in stead of the cable connector. So when you pulled you pulled the header with the cable connector part exposing the pins of the logic board connector (still attached to the logic bd).
First step here is make sure your pins aren't damaged or bent. Then remove the cable connector from the header and carefully thread the header back on. Once you get it back on check your pins are fitted in correctly then dab a little glue on the header on the sides and the logic board so it doesn't come off again. You don't want the glue to get into the connector it's self and you don't want to use too much either!
Once you get this far let us know and we'll tackle the other issues.